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De Havilland Mosquito

De Havilland Mosquito (Royaume-Uni) 
 
de havilland mosquito

Caractéristiques Mosquito NF.Mk 30

Type : chasseur de nuit et avion d'appui de bombardiers biplace.
Moteurs : 2 Rolls-Royce Merlin 76 de 12 cylindres en V à refroidissement par liquide de 1 710 ch.
Performances : vitesse maximale à 8 535 m, 655 km/h ; temps de montée à 4 570 m, 7 mn 30 s; plafond pratique, 11 885 m; distance franchissable normale, 2 092 km.
Poids : à vide, 6 985 kg ; maximal au décollage, 9 798 kg.
Dimensions : envergure, 16,51 m; longueur, 12,73 m; hauteur, 4,65 m; surface alaire, 40,41 m².
Armement : 4 canons Hispano de 20 mm tirant vers l'avant sous le nez.

Bien qu'il ait été conçu à l'origine surtout comme un bombardier léger rapide et non armé, le De Havilland Mosquito pouvait également deve­nir un avion de reconnaissance et un chasseur de nuit ; le deuxième appareil de ce modèle à prendre l'air, le 15 mai 1941, était d'ailleurs le prototype du chasseur de nuit.
Cette version différait du bombar­dier en ce qu'elle avait des longe­rons d'aile renforcés, un pare-brise plat, un armement composé de qua­tre canons de 20 mm et de quatre mitrailleuses de 7,7 mm dans la pointe avant du fuselage, un pan­neau pour l'accès de l'équipage situé sur le côté droit et un radar AI Mk IV. Atteignant la vitesse maximale de 595 km/h, le Mosquito NF.Mk II, construit à raison de 466 exemplaires, entra en service dans le (Fighter) Squadron 23, basé à Ford, en mai 1942, puis dans le Squadron 157 en août de la même année.

La version de chasse de nuit suivante fut le Mosquito NF.Mk XII, dont 97 unités furent produites (le radar AI Mk VIII était monté sur des avions du type Mk II dont les quatre mitrailleuses avaient été enlevées) ; cet appareil fut versé en décembre 1942 au Squadron 307, dont l'équipage était polonais.
Les 270 Mosquito NF.Mk XIII étaient de conception similaire, mais réalisés à partir de cellules neuves. Une cen­taine de Mk II furent convertis et devinrent les Mosquito NF.Mk XVII, qui déployaient le radar centimétri­que américain AI Mk X, installé dans un radôme de nez un peu agrandi.

Un dérivé de cette ver­sion, le Mosquito NF.Mk XIX, dont 220 exemplaires neufs virent le jour, disposant de moteurs Rolls­Royce Merlin 25 de 1 635 ch, opé­rait avec un poids maximal accru; il servit dans huit squadrons de la RAF.
Une variante de conception analogue fut entreprise et donna lieu au Mosquito NF.Mk XV, chas­seur de nuit capable d'atteindre des altitudes aussi importantes que les avions de reconnaissance Junkers Ju 86P qui, en 1942, commencèrent à survoler le Royaume-Uni; avec une envergure portée à 19,05 m, un armement réduit à quatre mitrail­leuses de petit calibre et des moteurs Merlin 76/77 de 1 710 ch, cet appareil montait à 13 260 m, mais il n'eut jamais l'occasion de combattre au sein de la seule unité qui le mit en oeuvre, le Squadron 85.

Le dernier Mosquito de chasse de nuit construit pendant la guerrefut le Mosquito NF.Mk 30, qui équipa d'abord en juillet 1944 le Squadron 219, basé à Bradwell Eay, puis une douzaine d'autres formations au cours de la dernière année du conflit. Propulsé par des Merlin 72/73, 76/77 ou 113/114, cet avion avait une vitesse maximale de 655 km/h et un plafond pratique de 11 580 m; il représenta le meilleur de tous les Mosquito de chasse de nuit produits pendant la guerre, et fut fabriqué à quelque 230 exemplaires.

Le Mosquito constitua indiscutablement le plus réussi des chasseurs de nuit alliés de la Seconde Guerre mondiale; en 1944, il avait remplacé presque tous les Bristol Beaufighter de chasse de nuit en service dans le nord de l'Europe.

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