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Nieuport XXVIII

Nieuport XXVIII (France)

 


Caractéristiques
Type : chasseur monoplace.
Moteur : Gnome 9N rotatif de 9 cylindres à refroidissement par air de 160 ch.
Performances : vitesse maximale à 2 000 m, 196 km/h; montée à 3 000 m en 11 mn 30 s; plafond pratique, 5 200 m; autonomie, 1 h 30 mn.
Poids : à vide, 532 kg ; maximal au décollage, 737 kg.
Dimensions : envergure, 8 m; longueur, 6,20 m ; hauteur, 2,50 m; surface alaire, 20 m².
Armement : 2 mitrailleuses fixes Vickers de 7,7 mm sur le capot, synchronisées pour tirer à travers le champ de l'hélice ; quelques appareils américains étaient équipés de mitrailleuses Marlin ou de mitrailleuses Vickers de 11 mm à balles traçantes pour les attaques de ballons.

Le Nieuport XXVIII était directe­ment issu de la génération des avions de chasse du milieu de la guerre et, reprenant la configura­tion réussie du sesquiplan Delage, il aurait dû obtenir de bien meil­leurs résultats. La principale amé­lioration résidait dans un fuselage mieux profilé et doté de cadres sup­plémentaires; dans l'empennage vertical, conçu désormais pour inclure une dérive sur laquelle s'articulait un gouvernail, et dans l'adoption de doubles mâts de voi­lure et de cabane disposés en paral­lèle en remplacement des anciens mâts en V. L'appareil était propulsé à l'origine par le moteur rotatif Gnome 9N de 160 ch, puissance qui fut en fait rarement obtenue. Cependant, alors que le Camel avait perdu nombre de ses qualités de maniabilité par rapport à ses prédécesseurs, celles du Nieuport se trouvèrent au contraire plutôt améliorées, en grande partie grâce à l'addition de la dérive. L'arme­ment standard passe d'une à deux mitrailleuses à l'avant.

Le moteur Gnome se révélant insatisfaisant, le Nieuport XXVIII fut également équipé du moteur Le Rhône, et plus tard du moteur rota­tif Gnome Monosoupape ; tous ces moteurs étaient munis d'un inter­rupteur qui permettait au pilote de couper momentanément les gaz en vol horizontal, bien qu'il fût possi­ble de mettre le moteur au ralenti.

Le Type XXVIII équipa quelques unités françaises vers la fin de l'année 1917, mais ne reçut généra­lement pas un accueil très favora­ble, car on lui reprochait de perdre de la toile de son aile supérieure à chaque manoeuvre un peu brutale en vitesse de pointe. C'était cepen­dant le seul appareil disponible en quantité suffisante lorsque le corps expéditionnaire américain com­mença à arriver en France au début de l'année 1918, sans qu'aucun avion de chasse ne fût encore à sa disposition.
Les Américains, qui soupçon­naient les Français de s'être débar­rassés d'un appareil « pourri », pas­sèrent rapidement en juillet 1918 au SPAD XIII. Le Nieuport XXVIII aurait sans doute été un excellent avion de combat s'il avait bénéficié de moteurs moins récalcitrants ; ce défaut de fabrication reflétait bien la désinvolture des constructeurs français pendant les derniers mois de la guerre.

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